Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves abnormally to the side, resembling an “S” or “C” shape instead of a straight line. While mild scoliosis may go unnoticed, severe cases can affect posture, breathing, and overall quality of life.

This condition can develop in both children and adults, though the causes and treatment approaches may differ. Early diagnosis and proper care are key to preventing complications and improving spinal health.

What is Scoliosis?

The spine naturally has gentle forward and backward curves, but scoliosis involves an abnormal sideways curvature. The severity is measured in degrees, and not all cases require active treatment—some only need observation.

Causes of Scoliosis -

In Children (Adolescent/Childhood Scoliosis)

  • Idiopathic scoliosis (most common, cause unknown)

  • Congenital scoliosis (present at birth due to abnormal vertebral development)

  • Neuromuscular scoliosis (caused by conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord problems)

In Adults

  • Degenerative scoliosis (age-related changes like arthritis or disc degeneration)

  • Untreated childhood scoliosis that worsens over time

  • Spinal injuries or surgeries leading to imbalance

Symptoms of Scoliosis -

  • Uneven shoulders, hips, or waist

  • Visible curve in the spine

  • One shoulder blade more prominent than the other

  • Clothing not fitting properly (tilted or uneven)

  • Back pain, stiffness, or fatigue (more common in adults)

  • In severe cases: difficulty breathing due to reduced chest space

Diagnosis of Scoliosis -

Doctors usually diagnose scoliosis through:

  • Physical examination (checking posture, shoulder/hip alignment, and spinal curve)

  • Adam’s forward bend test (patient bends forward to make curvature visible)

  • X-rays to measure the degree of spinal curve (Cobb angle)

  • MRI/CT scans if additional spinal or nerve issues are suspected

Treatment Options for Scoliosis -

1. Observation (Mild Cases)

  • If the curve is less than 20 degrees and not progressing, doctors may recommend regular monitoring with check-ups every 6–12 months.

2. Bracing (Children & Adolescents)

  • Used when the curve is moderate (20–40 degrees) and the child is still growing.

  • Braces do not correct scoliosis but prevent further progression.

3. Physical Therapy & Exercise

  • Strengthening core and back muscles can improve posture and support spinal health.

  • Specific scoliosis exercise programs (like Schroth method) may be advised.

4. Medications & Pain Management (Adults)

  • Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or injections may help manage symptoms in adult scoliosis.

5. Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be considered if:

  • The curve is greater than 45–50 degrees.

  • Severe pain, nerve issues, or breathing difficulties occur.

  • Curvature worsens rapidly despite conservative treatment.

Common surgical procedure: Spinal fusion, where vertebrae are fused together to stabilize and straighten the spine.