Back and neck pain are among the most common health complaints worldwide, and one frequent cause is degenerative disc disease (DDD). Despite its name, DDD is not exactly a “disease” but rather a natural condition that occurs as spinal discs wear down over time.

While aging plays a major role, lifestyle and injury can accelerate the process. Understanding the condition, its symptoms, and treatment options can help you take better care of your spine.

What is Degenerative Disc Disease?

Your spine is made up of vertebrae cushioned by intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers. These discs allow flexibility and movement.

With age and wear-and-tear:

  • Discs lose water content, becoming less flexible.

  • They may shrink, reducing the space between vertebrae.

  • Cracks or tears in the outer layer may occur, sometimes leading to a herniated disc.

This gradual breakdown of spinal discs is what doctors call degenerative disc disease.

Causes and Risk Factors -

  • Aging – Natural disc dehydration and wear.

  • Genetics – Family history of disc-related problems.

  • Injury or trauma – Accidents that damage the spine.

  • Repetitive strain – Heavy lifting, twisting, or physical labor.

  • Poor posture & sedentary lifestyle – Prolonged sitting or slouching.

  • Smoking – Reduces blood supply to discs, speeding degeneration.

  • Obesity – Extra body weight increases spinal pressure.

Symptoms of Degenerative Disc Disease -

The symptoms can vary depending on the location and severity of disc degeneration. Common signs include:

  • Chronic back or neck pain (depending on disc location).

  • Pain that worsens with movement such as bending, twisting, or lifting.

  • Pain that improves with rest or changing positions.

  • Radiating pain into arms (cervical discs) or legs (lumbar discs/sciatica).

  • Numbness, tingling, or weakness in limbs if nerves are compressed.

  • Stiffness and reduced flexibility in the spine.

Diagnosis -

Doctors typically use:

  • Physical examination to assess mobility, reflexes, and strength.

  • X-rays to check disc space narrowing and bone changes.

  • MRI or CT scans to identify disc damage and nerve compression.